Glycolic Acid
Also known as: AHA, Alpha hydroxy acid, Hydroxyacetic acid
Last updated:
Glycolic acid is the smallest alpha hydroxy acid and a widely used chemical exfoliant. It is permitted in all major markets. The EU regulates alpha hydroxy acids generally and has set concentration and pH considerations, particularly for higher-strength leave-on products. The US does not impose federal cosmetic concentration limits; FDA has issued labeling guidance for AHA-containing cosmetics regarding sun sensitivity.
Regulatory status by market
| Market | Status | Detail | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| European Union | Restricted | Concentration and pH guidance for AHA leave-on products | SCCS opinions on AHAs |
| United Kingdom | Restricted | Mirrors EU guidance | UK Cosmetics Regulation |
| United States | Permitted | FDA labeling guidance for AHA-containing products (sun sensitivity) | FDA AHA labeling guidance |
| Canada | Restricted | Concentration limits on Hotlist | Health Canada Hotlist |
Safety profile
Glycolic acid can cause irritation, redness, and increased photosensitivity, especially at low pH or high concentration. CIR has reviewed glycolic acid and related AHAs and concluded they are safe at concentrations of 10% or less, pH 3.5 or greater, when products carry sunscreen guidance. Professional-strength peels (20%+) are outside the cosmetic regulatory framework in most jurisdictions.
Common uses
- Exfoliating toners and serums
- Peel pads and at-home chemical peels
- Anti-aging and pigmentation creams
Primary sources
Regulatory status is current to the "Last updated" date above. Always verify against the regulator's authoritative publication for the specific market and product category before relying on this summary for compliance decisions.
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